Abstract: This work presents the influence of the spatial resolution on precipitation samples to understand extreme events in the Agreste region of Pernambuco, northeast of Brazil. Among the materials used, the following sources of precipitation data (1998 to 2019) can be cited: The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the Climatic Research Unit (CRU), and weather stations. In the process of validating the precipitation time series with the weather stations, the TRMM data showed a strong Pearson correlation (0.86 - 0.90) and the CRU data a moderate one (0.71 - 0.76). The relative bias (RB) and the standard deviation of observation ratio (RSR) were also calculated to identify the data’s trend, which showed an overestimation for both sources. The extreme events were identified through the calculation of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), where the TRMM with strong correlation (0.80 - 0.91) obtained a better performance than the CRU data. The TRMM data were selected to understand the extreme drought events in the study area, where the cities with altitudes above 500m obtained maximum values of probability of occurrence with 19%. Conversely, for extreme humidity events, the maximum was 14% for those with altitudes below 200m.

Abstract: Freshwater monitoring globally is fundamental to support decision-making. However, long-term hydrological data for some regions are lacking due to limited of observational networks. Remote sensing products come to aggregate the in situ observations and overcome obstacles about data availability. This study assesses the hydrological mass losses in the Northeast Atlantic Eastern Hydrographic Region (NAEHR) in Brazil through temporal data sources. GRACE RL06 Mascon solutions, reservoirs volume, vegetation index and rainfall stations are used. The results confirm the cohesion between the TWS variations with water volume and NDVI, obtaining a strong correlation of 0.78 and 0.77 respectively. The Standardized Precipitation Index scales (12, 24 and 36 months) showed a moderate and strong correlation with the TWS of 0.57, 0.73 and 0.72 respectively and identified the last regional severe drought from 2012 to 2017. The NEAHR is located almost entirely in the Brazilian semiarid region, comprises about 24 million inhabitants, it is high vulnerable to drought, thus justifying the importance of monitoring its water resources availability.

Abstract The geodetic shoreline positioning has socioeconomic importance due to decision-making support related to the coastal zone. The Pernambuco state, Brazil, has established a state law no. 14.258/2010 sanctioned as part of Coastal Zone Management State Policy. The state act no. 42.010/2015 enacted the baseline information for Pernambuco shoreline. Considering that the shoreline mapping benefits from GNSS positioning using relative or absolute methods, the absolute PPP was the choice for legislation support. Therefore, the aim of this work is to depict about the Pernambuco state law and analyze the kinematic PPP accuracy applied to shoreline monitoring in order to attend the state act. The relative GNSS method was adopted as reference to assess the PPP accuracy for the Pernambuco shoreline. The analyses for each sector involved approximately one hour of kinematic GNSS data and the results indicate horizontal positioning accuracy around 0.50 m after PPP convergence period. Several PPP re-initialization has been detected, however, points considered outliers are removed from the final product. For this reason, recommendations are provided to improve the positioning applied for coastal zone monitoring. Although, the carried out experiments shows that PPP can be adopted as a practical tool to support the Pernambuco Coastal Zone Management.

Nas últimas décadas, a praia de Boa Viagem localizada no município de Recife-PE e de Piedade no município de Jaboatão dos Guararapes-PE vem sendo urbanizadas próximas à linha de costa provocando grandes transformações nas relações sociais, econômicas e morfológicas, onde problemas de erosão costeira são observados. O presente trabalho faz uso monitoramento da linha de costa utilizando o GNSS (global navigation satellite system) que oferece rapidez, repetibilidade e acurácia centimétrica para determinar e analisar os deslocamentos temporais da linha de costa assim como as taxas de deslocamento médias através do EPR (end point rate). Para isso, foram utilizados dados obtidos através de levantamentos geodésicos relativos cinemáticos para os anos de 2007, 2009, 2010 e 2012. Os resultados representam tendências setoriais através dos anos onde a maior taxa de recuo encontrada foi de 8,16 m/ano, encontrada no período de 2007-2009. Uma variedade de diferentes padrões sobre a linha de costa foram observados. Os resultados obtidos são considerados fundamentais para tomada de decisão em ambientes costeiros.

In recent decades, Boa Viagem beach located in the city of Recife-PE and Piedade in Jaboatão dos Guararapes-PE (Brazil) has seen urbanization near the coastline causing changes in social, economic and morphological aspects, where coastal erosion problems are observed. This study uses GNSS (global navigation satellite system) shoreline monitoring approach, which is quicker, and provides continuously updatable data at cm-level accuracy to analyze and determine temporal positional shifts of the shoreline as well as annual average rates through EPR (end point rate). To achieve this, kinematic GNSS survey data for the years 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2012 were used. The results show sectorial trends over the years, with the highest annual retreat rate of 8.16 m /year occurring during the period 2007-2009. Variety of differents patterns over the shoreline was also observed. These findings could be essential for decision making in coastal environments.

O crescimento da urbanização vem provocando grandes transformações nas relações sociais e morfológica das áreas costeiras. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo modelar massa de dados de diversas fontes como GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) e sensoriamento remoto para posteriormente prover a espacialização da vulnerabilidade costeira à erosão utilizando a lógica fuzzy. O método aplicado para análise da vulnerabilidade utilizou variáveis linguísticas, partições fuzzy, intervalos e análises paramétricas que caracterizam a modelagem fuzzy. Após análise, os níveis de vulnerabilidade à erosão costeira ao longo da linha de costa nas cidades do Recife e Jaboatão dos Guararapes no litoral de Pernambuco apresentaram os seguintes resultados: 33,33% da linha de costa possuem vulnerabilidade baixa, 38,15% possui vulnerabilidade moderada, 14,26% vulnerabilidade alta e 14,26% muito alta.

The advance of urbanization has caused substantial transformations in the social and morphological aspects of coastal areas. The present study aims at modeling data from several sources, such as GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), and remote sensing and subsequently to provide the spacialization of coastal vulnerability to erosion, by using fuzzy logic. In the applied method for vulnerability analysis, linguistic variables, fuzzy partitions, intervals and parametric analysis that characterize fuzzy modeling were used. After analyzing the levels of vulnerability to coastal erosion along the shoreline in the cities of Recife and Jaboatão dos Guararapes at the coast of Pernambuco, the following results were achieved: 33.33% of the coastline has low vulnerability while, 38.15% moderate vulnerability, 14.26% high vulnerability and, 14.26% very high vulnerability.

O NAVSTAR GPS vem sendo aplicado nas mais diversas áreas entre elas encontram-se o ambiente costeiro. Os levantamentos geodésicos podem ser utilizados para estudar as variações posicionais que ocorrem em sistemas costeiros dinâmicos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a acurácia dos métodos cinemáticos de posicionamento GPS em um esporão arenoso localizado na Ilha do Mel, município de Paranaguá, Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Os testes foram realizados com os seguintes métodos de posicionamento geodésico: Absoluto Cinemático (MAC), Relativo Cinemático (MRC) e Diferencial (RTK e DGPS). Uma estação móvel composta por dois receptores GPS foi construída para efetuar simultaneamente a captação de dados e assim analisar os métodos propostos em um único levantamento geodésico. Os resultados mais satisfatórios foram oriundos da solução RTK, apresentando os menores valores para o Erro Médio Quadrático (EMQ), 0,003 m, 0,007 m e 0,149 m nas componentes Norte (N), Este (E) e Altura Geométrica h, respectivamente. Por fim, recomendações da aplicabilidade dos métodos estudados para a área costeira são apresentadas.

The NAVSTAR GPS has been applied is several fields, the coastal environment being one of them. The geodetic surveys can be used to study the positional variation that happens in dynamic coastal systems. This paper has the main objective of evaluating the accuracy of GPS kinematics positional methods in a specific sedimentary area located in Mel Island, District of Paranaguá, Paraná State, Brazil. The experiments were undertaken with the geodetic positioning methods as follow: Absolute Kinematic, Relative Kinematic, Differential (RTK and DGPS). A rover station composed by two GPS receivers was built for simultaneously collect the data thereby the proposed methods could be analyzed in a single geodetic survey. The best results found in this study was from the RTK solution, presenting the lowest values for the Root Mean Square (RMS) equals 0.003 m, 0.007 m and 0.149 m for the north component (N), east component (E) and geometrical height (h), respectively. Finally, recommendations for the applicability of the methods used for costal area are presented.

Estudar modelagens através de dados geodésicos temporais com a possibilidade de predizer a posição de linha de costa é uma tarefa importante e pode auxiliar significativamente na gestão costeira. A área de estudo neste trabalho se refere ao município de Matinhos no estado do Paraná, Brasil. As linhas de costa temporais utilizadas para testar a modelagem preditiva são provenientes respectivamente da fotogrametria analógica para anos 1954, 1963, 1980, 1991 e 1997 e de levantamentos geodésicos utilizando GPS (Global Position System) para 2001, 2002, 2005 e 2008 (como controle). Dois testes com as redes neurais artificiais foram organizados mudando alguns parâmetros como: arquitetura, número de neurônios nas camadas ocultas e algoritmos de treinamentos. Quando comparados o valor dos resíduos entre a predição e a linha de costa de controle, os melhores resultados estatísticos indicam que o MAPE (mean absolute percentage error) são 0,28% utilizando a rede neural parcialmente recorrente de Elman com o algoritmo de treinamento quase-Newton e 0,46% para o caso da rede neural perceptron multicamadas com o algoritmo de treinamento utilizando o método Bayesiano com regularização.

The study of models using geodetic temporal data which can possibly predict the shoreline position is an important task and can significantly contribute to coastal management. The studied area is located at municipality of Matinhos in the Paraná State, Brazil. The temporal shoreline used to test the prediction model is respectively from analog photogrammetric data, related to the years 1954, 1963, 1980, 1991 and 1997, and GPS (Global Position System) geodetic surveys for 2001, 2002, 2005 and 2008 (as control). Two different tests with artificial neural network were organized setting the parameters like: architecture, number of neuron in hidden layers and the training algorithms. Comparing the residuals between the prediction to the shoreline of control, the best statistical results show the MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error) is 0,28% using the Elman partially recurrent network with quasi-Newton training function and 0,46% using the neural network multilayer perceptron with Bayesian regulation training function.